Incandescent

A lamp in which the light is produced by a filament heated by an electric current.  To be incandescent the filament temperature needs to be above 850K (<2600K).  [K = Degrees Kelvin which is a teperature scale having an absolute zero terperature.  Compared to Celsius, K = °C + 273 or 0°C is equal to 237K.]  Kelvin is commonly used for filament temperatures to describe the color temperature of the light.  The light source needs to radiate sufficient power in the visible region of the spectrum (380-760 nanometers) to be seen by its own radiation.  The pressure of an incandescent bulb is less than one atmosphere (ATM).  Incandescent lamps, in general, cost less than most other types of lamps and are extremely versatile.  Applications: Signal , such as brake lights, turn signals and parking lights.   
   
Halogen

Halogen bulbs are brighter and have a longer life than incandescent lights. A halogen bulb is filled with inert gases at high pressure, which slows the evaporation of the filament, increasing the bulb’s life. In addition, trace amounts of halogen gases are added to keep the lamp clean.
Applications: forward , such as headlights and fog lights.
  

HID 

High Intensity Discharge (HID) bulbs produce a very white light that is brighter than standard halogen bulbs. HID bulbs do not have a filament and produce light directly from an arc discharge under high pressure.
Applications:  forward , such as headlights and fog lights.  

   
LED 

Light Emitting Diode (LED) modules use semiconductors to release electrical energy in the form of light. LEDs are generally smaller and longer lasting than other technologies.
Applications: Interior and signal , such as brake lights, turn signals and parking lights.